40 Referensi Terkini Kesulitan Makan Pada Anak

Kesulitan makan pada anak merupakan masalah yang tidak dapat dipandang hanya sebagai perilaku “tidak mau makan”. Manifestasinya sangat luas, mulai dari nafsu makan rendah, penolakan makanan, picky eating, selektivitas terhadap jenis atau tekstur makanan, hingga kesulitan mengunyah dan menelan. Pada sebagian anak, masalah tersebut hanya bersifat sementara dan sesuai dengan perkembangan; namun pada sebagian lainnya dapat menetap dan menyebabkan asupan nutrisi tidak adekuat, gangguan pertumbuhan, defisiensi zat gizi, gangguan fungsi makan, serta tekanan psikososial bagi anak dan keluarga. Kerangka konsensus Pediatric Feeding Disorder (PFD) menempatkan gangguan makan sebagai kondisi multidimensional yang mencakup domain medis, nutrisi, keterampilan makan, dan psikososial.

Perkembangan konsep PFD juga menunjukkan pentingnya membedakan kesulitan makan dengan Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Konsensus terbaru tahun 2025 menunjukkan bahwa kedua kondisi tersebut memiliki area tumpang tindih, terutama dalam pembatasan asupan, konsekuensi nutrisi, dan dampak psikososial, tetapi tidak selalu merupakan diagnosis yang sama.

Karena itu, evaluasi anak dengan kesulitan makan perlu dilakukan secara menyeluruh. Pemeriksaan tidak cukup hanya menanyakan “anak mau makan apa”, tetapi perlu menilai pola pertumbuhan, kecukupan nutrisi, gejala gastrointestinal, kemampuan makan, sensitivitas sensorik, perilaku saat makan, faktor lingkungan, serta dampak masalah makan terhadap kehidupan anak dan keluarga. Literatur terbaru semakin mendukung pendekatan multidisiplin untuk diagnosis dan tata laksana PFD.

Daftar Pustaka

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